Understanding Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Causes, Symptoms, and Hope Ahead
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a complex and aggressive form of blood cancer that originates in the bone marrow—the soft, inner part of bones where blood cells are made. While relatively rare compared to other cancers, AML is one of the most common types of acute leukemia in adults. Its sudden onset, rapid progression, and diverse symptoms make early diagnosis and treatment crucial.
AML affects the myeloid line of blood cells. In a healthy body, bone marrow produces immature cells called blasts that mature into white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. In AML, something goes wrong in this process. The bone marrow produces abnormal myeloid cells that don’t mature properly. These immature cells multiply uncontrollably, crowding out healthy cells and leading to a cascade of health problems.
The “acute” in AML means the disease progresses rapidly. Without timely intervention, AML can become life-threatening within weeks or months.
The exact cause of AML is not fully understood, but several risk factors have been identified:
Age: AML is more common in adults over 60, though it can occur at any age.
Genetic disorders: Conditions like Down syndrome increase the risk.
Previous cancer treatment: Chemotherapy or radiation therapy for other cancers can raise the likelihood of developing AML.
Exposure to chemicals: Long-term exposure to benzene and other industrial chemicals has been linked to AML.
Smoking: Tobacco smoke contains benzene and other carcinogens associated with AML.
Family history: Though rare, a familial predisposition to AML does exist.
It's important to note that many people with AML have no identifiable risk factors.
The symptoms of AML can be vague and often mimic those of less serious illnesses, which can delay diagnosis. Common signs include:
Fatigue and weakness
Frequent infections
Fever
Easy bruising or bleeding
Shortness of breath
Pale skin
Bone or joint pain
Unexplained weight loss
Because these symptoms result from the bone marrow’s failure to produce normal blood cells, a simple blood test can often signal a problem and lead to further diagnostic steps like a bone marrow biopsy.
AML is not a one-size-fits-all disease. There are several subtypes based on the specific type of myeloid cell affected and genetic mutations present. These differences influence prognosis and treatment decisions.
Diagnosis typically involves:
Blood tests to assess cell counts and look for abnormalities
Bone marrow biopsy to confirm the presence of leukemia cells
Genetic testing to identify mutations that may guide treatment
The mainstay of AML treatment is chemotherapy, aimed at destroying the abnormal leukemia cells. This often occurs in two phases:
Induction therapy: To kill as many leukemia cells as possible and achieve remission.
Consolidation therapy: To destroy any remaining cells and prevent relapse.
In some cases, a stem cell transplant may be recommended, especially for patients with high-risk AML or those who relapse. Targeted therapies and immunotherapies are also emerging options, offering hope for more personalized treatment approaches with fewer side effects.
AML remains a challenging disease, but advances in genetics, drug development, and personalized medicine are improving outcomes. Clinical trials continue to explore new therapies, and ongoing research offers optimism for the future.
Supportive care is also critical. Managing infections, maintaining nutrition, and addressing emotional health all play a role in the overall treatment plan.
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