An extradural spinal tumour is a growth located outside the dura mater — the outermost membrane surrounding the spinal cord. These tumours can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and often originate from structures such as vertebrae, ligaments, or metastatic lesions from cancers in other parts of the body. Since they lie outside the protective covering of the spinal cord, extradural tumours may not initially interfere with the spinal cord itself, but they can cause serious complications as they grow and exert pressure on surrounding nerves and tissues.
Extradural tumours are frequently metastatic, meaning they originate from cancers elsewhere in the body — commonly the breast, prostate, lung, and kidney. Primary extradural tumours, like vertebral hemangiomas or chordomas, are less common. These tumours can compress the spinal cord, nerve roots, and blood vessels, leading to a wide range of symptoms and potential neurological deficits.
The symptoms of an extradural spinal tumour largely depend on its location and size. As the tumour grows, it can compress the spinal cord or nerve roots, causing a mix of local and systemic symptoms:
Persistent back pain: Often the first and most common symptom, typically not relieved by rest and may worsen at night.
Radicular pain: Pain radiating along the nerve path, like sciatica if the lumbar spine is involved.
Weakness or numbness: Gradual or sudden weakness in limbs, tingling sensations, or numbness, particularly in the arms or legs.
Bladder and bowel dysfunction: Difficulty in controlling urination or bowel movements can occur in advanced stages.
Paralysis: If left untreated, the compression of the spinal cord can lead to partial or complete paralysis below the affected site.
Symptoms may progress slowly or rapidly, depending on the nature of the tumour. Sudden neurological deterioration often suggests a medical emergency.
Early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment and preserving neurological function. Doctors often use MRI scans as the gold standard imaging technique for spinal tumours. CT scans, X-rays, and bone scans may help identify the tumour's origin and assess bone involvement. A biopsy might be necessary to confirm the tumour type, especially in cases of suspected metastasis.
While many extradural spinal tumours are not preventable, especially metastatic ones, certain precautions and health practices can help reduce risk and improve outcomes:
Regular screening: For individuals with a history of cancer, regular follow-up and imaging can help detect spinal metastases early.
Healthy lifestyle: Avoiding smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and engaging in regular physical activity can lower the risk of primary and secondary tumours.
Posture and back care: Maintaining good spinal posture and avoiding strain or trauma to the back can prevent the misinterpretation of early tumour symptoms as routine back pain.
Being vigilant about new or worsening back pain — especially in people over 50 or those with a known cancer history — is crucial.
You should consult a doctor immediately if you experience:
Unexplained, persistent back pain not relieved by rest or medication.
Sudden weakness, numbness, or tingling in the limbs.
Loss of bladder or bowel control.
Unexplained weight loss, fatigue, or history of cancer with new spinal symptoms.
Any neurological symptoms that worsen over days or weeks.
Delaying medical attention can lead to irreversible spinal cord damage. The earlier a diagnosis is made, the better the chances of managing the tumour effectively and preserving neurological function.
An extradural spinal tumour is a serious medical condition that warrants immediate attention when symptoms arise. Though often hidden in the early stages, it can lead to debilitating consequences if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Understanding the warning signs, taking appropriate precautions, and seeking medical care at the right time can make a crucial difference in outcome and quality of life.
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