Haematemesis refers to the vomiting of blood, a medical condition that often signals a serious underlying issue within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Unlike minor conditions that may resolve on their own, haematemesis is typically a medical emergency and should never be ignored. The blood vomited may be bright red, indicating active bleeding, or have a dark, coffee-ground appearance, which suggests it has been partially digested by stomach acids. This condition demands immediate medical evaluation and intervention, as it may stem from life-threatening causes.
Haematemesis can arise from various sources within the upper GI tract. Common causes include:
Peptic ulcers: These are open sores in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or chronic use of NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen).
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining due to alcohol, stress, or infections can lead to bleeding.
Esophageal varices: Swollen veins in the esophagus, often linked to liver disease and cirrhosis, can rupture and bleed profusely.
Mallory-Weiss tears: These are tears in the esophagus lining caused by severe vomiting or retching.
Cancer: Gastric or esophageal cancers can erode blood vessels, leading to bleeding.
While haematemesis itself is a visible symptom, several accompanying signs can indicate the severity and underlying cause of the condition:
Vomiting blood: Ranges from small streaks to large quantities. Bright red blood often indicates fresh bleeding, while dark, coffee-ground vomit suggests older, digested blood.
Abdominal pain: Especially in the upper abdomen, may point to ulcers or gastritis.
Black or tarry stools (melena): This may accompany or follow haematemesis, indicating ongoing internal bleeding.
Pale skin and fatigue: Signify blood loss and possible anemia.
Rapid heartbeat and low blood pressure: Can suggest significant blood loss, requiring emergency care.
Dizziness or fainting: A result of reduced blood volume.
Though not all causes of haematemesis are preventable, certain lifestyle adjustments and precautions can significantly reduce the risk:
Avoid overuse of NSAIDs: Long-term use of painkillers like ibuprofen and aspirin can damage the stomach lining.
Limit alcohol intake: Alcohol irritates the stomach lining and can contribute to gastritis and liver disease.
Stop smoking: Smoking weakens the protective lining of the stomach and increases acid production.
Manage stress: Chronic stress can exacerbate GI issues, including ulcers.
Regular screening for liver disease: Especially for individuals with a history of alcohol use or hepatitis infections.
Seek treatment for H. pylori: Timely diagnosis and treatment can prevent ulcer formation.
Eat balanced meals: Avoid highly spicy, acidic, or greasy foods that may irritate the stomach lining.
Prompt medical attention is essential when experiencing haematemesis. You should seek immediate care if you:
Vomit any amount of blood, regardless of color or consistency.
Have persistent abdominal pain.
Experience signs of shock: cold, clammy skin, rapid pulse, or shallow breathing.
Feel dizzy or faint.
Notice black, tarry stools or any other sign of internal bleeding.
Even if the bleeding appears to stop, it is crucial to determine its cause. Some underlying conditions, like esophageal varices or stomach cancer, can be fatal without intervention.
Haematemesis is a serious symptom that requires urgent attention. Whether caused by something as common as a peptic ulcer or as severe as gastrointestinal cancer, it serves as the body’s alarm system for internal distress. Recognizing the signs early, taking preventive steps, and knowing when to seek medical help can make a critical difference in outcomes. Always treat haematemesis as a medical emergency—your life could depend on it.
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